ОБОЛОЧНИКИ – НАШИ БЛИЖАЙШИЕ БЕСПОЗВОНОЧНЫЕ РОДСТВЕННИКИ

В.В. Исаева, А.Г. Голубев

Аннотация


Представители подтипа Tunicata (Оболочники), из которых наиболее известны асцидии, по морфологии, жизненным циклам и способам питания и размножения резко отличаются от всех других хордовых и более всего от позвоночных (Vertebrata). Однако данные сравнительной геномики и эволюционной биологии развития свидетельствуют, что наиболее близки к позвоночным не головохордовые (Cephalochordata), обычно именуемые ланцетниками, а именно оболочники. По этой причине молекулярно-биологические исследования оболочников важны для исследований по широкому кругу биологических вопросов. Ключевым событием, определившим ответвление оболочников от остальных хордовых, было приобретение гена синтазы целлюлозы путем горизонтального переноса от актинобактерий. Возникшая на этой основе способность образовывать оболочку, выполняющую защитную и опорную функции, снизила давление естественного отбора на повышение подвижности и сложности поведения для самосохранения и питания. Утрата генов, обеспечивающих ставшие ненужными функции, и соответствующее упрощение генотипа и фенотипа создали условия для быстрой, сравнительно с головохордовыми и позвоночными, скорости эволюции оболочников. Альтернативные эволюционные траектории Tunicata и Vertebrata оказались сопряженными с существенными различиями по клеточным ресурсам и длительности развития. Высокая генетическая пластичность оболочников способствует их адаптации к происходящим в настоящее время климатическим изменениям и, соответственно, их инвазивности, что делает ряд видов опасными для экологического баланса в морских экосистемах.

Ключевые слова


оболочники, хордовые, филогенез, эмбриогенез, жизненный цикл, эволюционная геномика.

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Литература


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v9i3.374

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