TUNICATES: OUR CLOSEST INVERTEBRATE RELATIVES

В.В. Исаева, А.Г. Голубев

Abstract


The species referred to the subphylum Tunicata, among which ascidia a best known, drastically differ by their morphology, life cycles and nutritional and reproductive strategies from all other chordates, most notably vertebrates. However, data related to comparative genomics and evolutionary biology of development suggest that not Cephalochordates, which are commonly known as lancelets, but Tunicates are closest relatives of vertebrate animals. That is why molecular-biological studies of tunicates are important for gaining insights into a very wide range of biological problems. The key event that determined branching of the tunicate lineage from other chordates was the acquisition of the cellulose synthase gene by horizontal transfer from an actinobacterium. The resulting ability to form an envelope (tunic), which can perform protective and supportive functions, reduced selection pressure towards increasing motility and more complex behaviors employed in self-protection and nutrition. The loss of genes responsible for functions that became unneeded and the corresponding simplification of the genotype and phenotype provided conditions for accelerated evolution, compared with that of Cephalochordates and Vertebrates. The alternative evolutionary trajectories of Tunicates and Vertebrates were associated with significant differences in cell resources and duration of embryogenesis. The high genetic plasticity of Tunicates facilitates their rapid genetic adaptation to current climatic changes making a number of tunicate species highly invasive and dangerous for ecological balances in marine ecosystems.

Keywords


Tunicates, Chordates, phylogenesis, embryogenesis, life cycle, evolutionary genomics.


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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v9i3.374

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