ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛЕТНЕГО ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ФОСФОРА, АЗОТА И ХЛОРОФИЛЛА-а В КРУПНОМ ЭВТРОФИРУЕМОМ АРКТИЧЕСКОМ ОЗЕРЕ ИМАНДРА (МУРМАНСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ) В СВЯЗИ С МАССОВЫМ РАЗВИТИЕМ ФОТОСИНТЕЗИРУЮЩИХ МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ

Н.А. Кашулин, А.К. Бекклунд, В.А. Даувальтер

Аннотация


В крупном эвтрофируемом арктическом озере Имандра с начала XXI века наблюдается регулярное массовое размножение (цветение) потенциально токсичных фотосинтезирующих микроорганизмов, вызывающих гибель рыб и представляющих угрозу здоровью населения. Эти явления (Harmful Algal Blooms, HABs) происходят в оз. Имандра при значительно более низких температурах и содержаниях P и N по сравнению с более южными регионами. В связи с этим рассмотрены взаимосвязи и особенности летнего пространственного распределения хлорофилла а и соединений азота и фосфора в поверхностном горизонте вод озера. Сложная пространственная структура водоема, выраженные стоковые течения и мощные точечные антропогенные источники биогенных элементов создают условия для их градиентного распределения по акватории. Результаты их изучения приводят к выводу о совместном лимитировании развития HABs содержанием N и P в воде и их стехиометрическими соотношениями. При суммарных уровнях Pобщ < 17 мкг/л и Nобщ < 150 мкг/л вероятность HABs невелика. При Pобщ > 17 мкг/л фосфор не является лимитирующим элементом, и развитие HABs лимитируют соединения азота. При Nобщ > 180 мкг/л вероятность развития HABs повышается. Для большей части акватории характерны нахождение значительной части азота в органической форме и дефицит NO3– на фоне преобладания NH4+ среди минеральных форм. Это создает условия доминирования цианобактерий и успешного развития зеленых водорослей. При соотношениях концентраций [NO3–]:[NH4+] в диапазоне 0,1–1,0 существует высокая вероятность развития HABs, вызываемых цианобактериями. Развитию HABs будут способствовать концентрации NO3– > 2,5 мкг/л при концентрациях РО43– > 3,1 мкг/л. При этом индекс N:P должен превышать 9,7. Установленные критические уровни концентраций соединений N и P позволяют прогнозировать развитие HABs и способствуют пониманию механизмов его формирования в арктических водоемах.

Ключевые слова


Арктика, хлорофилл а, эвтрофикация, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v12i3.547

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