ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ДАННЫХ: БЕЛЫЙ ГУСЬ МЕЖДУ «ЧЕРНЫМ ЛЕБЕДЕМ» И «ЗЕЛЕНОЙ УТКОЙ»

С.П. Матвейчук

Аннотация


Профессиональное использование и общественное восприятие научных данных существенно зависит от их интерпретации. В данной статье исследованы пути и способы распространения и преобразования новой информации, поступающей в ходе изучения бурного роста численности популяций диких гусей в Северной Америке в конце XX – начале XXI в. и попыток остановить этот рост с помощью весенней охоты. Неудача предпринятой попытки разрушила некоторые базовые стереотипы исследователей и менеджеров водоплавающей дичи. Прослежена интерпретация данных, полученных квебекскими учеными в отдельном полевом исследовании, проведенном в пограничной зоне до и после разрешения весенней охоты. Выявлены две кардинально отличающиеся интерпретационные модели. В Европе и Северной Америке квебекские результаты активно обсуждаются в академической, университетской среде и в профессиональных сообществах менеджеров дикой природы. Информация движется по линии «ученые – менеджеры – регуляторы», будучи открытой для общественности на всех стадиях. В России использование результатов полностью замкнуто в природоохранных организациях и широкой непрофессиональной общественности. Информация передается по цепочке «природоохранники – общественность – регуляторы», минуя стадию научного обсуждения. Интерпретационная модель для неожиданных результатов, которую можно условно назвать «черный лебедь», представлена в зарубежной рецензируемой научной периодике и характеризуется многоаспектными сопоставлениями нового знания с уже имеющимся, проверкой на соответствие применимым теориям и концепциям, которые, в свою очередь, подвергаются проверке на способность воспринять новые данные. Модель «зеленая утка», реализуемая в русскоязычных публикациях, среди которых преобладают имеющие вненаучный характер, состоит в вычленении отдельных фрагментов нового знания, смешивании их с эмоционально окрашенными присадками и распространении через средства массовой информации с целью оказания давления на общество и, через него, на правительство. В этой модели реализуется не когнитивное влияние информации, а, скорее, ее перенос из когнитивной сферы в эмоциональную. Различия между этими моделями имеют значение для науки, политики и менеджмента в области использования живых ресурсов дикой природы России. Предварительная публикация обоснований в рецензируемых научных журналах представляется необходимым условием принятия соответствующих предложений к рассмотрению государственными органами.

Ключевые слова


весенняя охота, светлые гуси, «черный лебедь», «зеленая утка», интерпретация данных.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v8i2.243

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