Возможности использования органоглин для ремедиации вод и почв, загрязненных углеводородами нефти

М. М. Герцен, Л. В. Переломов

Аннотация


Актуальная проблема загрязнения окружающей среды нефтью и нефтепродуктами требует разработки новых материалов и технологий для ремедиации загрязненных экосистем. Глинистые минералы, являющиеся группой водных силикатов, представляющих основную массу глинистых отложений и большей части почв, известны как эффективные адсорбенты различных поллютантов. Однако их использование для поглощения углеводородов нефти ограничено гидрофильными свойствами поверхностей филлосиликатов, препятствующими эффективному взаимодействию с неполярными органическими загрязнителями. Модификация поверхностей глинистых минералов различными органическими веществами позволяет активировать их путем придания полностью или частично липофильных свойств. Одним из перспективных органических модификаторов слоистых силикатов являются поверхностно-активные вещества. Будучи амфифильными, они существенно изменяют свойства как поверхности адсорбента, так и жидкой фазы, а наличие в составе их молекул разнообразных структурных фрагментов и функциональных групп может приводить к новым взаимодействиям между органоминеральными комплексами, синтезированными с их участием, и органическими поллютантами. Эффективность органоглин при адсорбции сырой нефти и ее дистиллятов (бензина, керосина, дизеля, масел) подтверждена многочисленными исследованиями. При этом адсорбция отдельных компонентов нефти, в частности парафинов и нафтенов, изучена недостаточно. В представленном обзоре приведена информация о способах синтеза органоминеральных систем и их сорбционных свойствах по отношению к различным нефтяным компонентам, достоинства и недостатки применения данных сорбентов и перспективность их применения. Показаны сложная природа сырой нефти и нефтепродуктов и примеры использования органоглин для очистки водных и почвенных экосистем, загрязненных нефтяными углеводородами.


Ключевые слова


сырая нефть; нефтепродукты; глинистые минералы; органоглины; адсорбция

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Литература


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v18i3.1069

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