ПАНДЕМИИ ГРИППА И ПОДГОТОВКА ЖИВЫХ ГРИППОЗНЫХ ВАКЦИН ДЛЯ ИХ СДЕРЖИВАНИЯ

Е.М. Дорошенко, Е.П. Григорьева, И.Н. Исакова-Сивак, Л.Г. Руденко

Аннотация


Дан краткий исторический обзор эпидемиологической ситуации по гриппу в мире и приведены основные данные о биологии вируса гриппа, важные для разработки вакцины. Подробно рассмотрены случаи заболевания и гибели от различных подтипов вируса гриппа птиц [A(Н5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N3), A(H7N7), A(H7N9)] среди людей, стимулировавшие проведение мониторинга, разработку национальных планов подготовки к возможному возникновению пандемий и активное международное сотрудничество в подготовке вакцин для профилактики гриппа. Обеспечение населения России живыми гриппозными вакцинами против потенциально опасных вирусов гриппа птиц, а также штаммов A(H1N1)pdm и A(H2N2) имеет важное стратегическое значение. В отделе вирусологии Института экспериментальной медицины создана коллекция потенциально пандемических штаммов вируса и проведено их всестороннее доклиническое и клиническое изучение. Доклинические исследования вакцин, разработанных на основе этих штаммов, на лабораторных животных продемонстрировали безвредность, иммуногенность и протективную активность. Кандидаты для пандемических и предпандемических живых гриппозных вакцин изучены в клинических испытаниях на взрослых волонтерах. Было показано, что вакцины ареактогенны и безвредны и что передача вируса от привитых волонтерам в контрольную группу отсутствовала. Эти исследования значительно расширили набор методов оценки иммуногенности ЖГВ, включая оценку секреторных антител и клеточный иммунный ответ. Учитывая стимуляцию перекрестно-реагирующих антител, живые гриппозные вакцины могут быть использованы как первичная мера борьбы с новыми пандемиями даже в случае, если пандемический штамм будет иметь антигенные отличия.

Ключевые слова


птичий грипп, живая гриппозная аттенуированная вакцина, пандемии, вакцинные штаммы.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v8i3.260

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